Photo Source
What are the biomechanics of a
basketball jump shot when aiming for
optimal accuracy?
By Daniella Ezis & Thomas
Mitton
Introduction:
The game of basketball was invented in 1891 by a teacher of the name of James Naismith, at the Y.M.C.A. College, Springfield Massachusetts (Barry, 2003). The sport became an Olympic event by 1936, where ten years later professional basketball began and the National Basketball Association trailing soon after (Barry, 2003). Despite the first game not having “backboards, three-point shots, dribbling and 7-foot players who earn millions of dollars” like seen in today’s games of basketball, many of the original rules by Naismith are still held within the game (Barry, 2003). Today, the game is defined as a “game played by two opposing teams of usually five players on a rectangular, often wooden, court with a raised basket at each end: points are scored by tossing a ball through the basket at the opponent's end” (Collins Dictionary, 2015).
The game of basketball was invented in 1891 by a teacher of the name of James Naismith, at the Y.M.C.A. College, Springfield Massachusetts (Barry, 2003). The sport became an Olympic event by 1936, where ten years later professional basketball began and the National Basketball Association trailing soon after (Barry, 2003). Despite the first game not having “backboards, three-point shots, dribbling and 7-foot players who earn millions of dollars” like seen in today’s games of basketball, many of the original rules by Naismith are still held within the game (Barry, 2003). Today, the game is defined as a “game played by two opposing teams of usually five players on a rectangular, often wooden, court with a raised basket at each end: points are scored by tossing a ball through the basket at the opponent's end” (Collins Dictionary, 2015).
To assist
players in scoring points within the game of basketball, the use of a
two-legged jump shot is usually performed (Knudson, 1993), along with a lay-up
and/or free throw. Basketball historians have narrowed the development period
of the jump shot being created back to the 1930s (Pennington, 2011), where it
is defined as “a shot in which the player jumps up and shoot the ball at the
top of the jump” (Collins Dictionary, 2015). The shot is becoming “more common
and amounting to over 70% of all the shots during a game (Struzik, et al.,
2014), therefore being seen as an “important element of technique in
basketball and requires a high level of performance” (Struzik, et al.,
2014). The reason for the shot requiring high level of performance is due
to the shot involving the whole body to be in full motion, with “quick arm
movements during their jump to propel the ball with a high curved trajectory to
and through the target, the hoop” (Oudejans, et al., 2002), all whilst often
being “executed under high time pressure” (Oudejans, et al., 2002). As Ripoll,
Bard & Paillard further explain, “in the midst of allocating attention to
fast moving fellow players and opponents, at some point in time, it is
essential for the shooter to visually attend to the appropriate information for
releasing an accurate shot” (Ripoll, et al., 1986).
This blog aims
to quantitatively and qualitatively analysis the biomechanical principals of a
basketball jump shot and the movements involved. The analysis will be done by
focusing on a jump shot that is performed on the move, as typically the player
will be dribbling forward before commencing the jump shot. This will be done by
exploring the four phases used within the jump shot, before analysing the
biomechanics principals of the technique for optimal accuracy.
Basketball Jump Shot Phases:
Prior to analysing the biomechanical principals within a basketball jump shot, it is essential to understand the importance of technical phases involved within the shot. By ensuring the technique and technical phases are presented and performed appropriately/fittingly, the accuracy of the shot can translate in resulting to more beneficial results for the team due to more points (Eichenberger, 2014). These crucial technique elements of the shot can be broken down into three movement phases which if successfully linked together will create a perfect shot, thus meaning optimal accuracy. These phases include; Preparation phase, Execution phase and Follow through phase (Figure 1).
Prior to analysing the biomechanical principals within a basketball jump shot, it is essential to understand the importance of technical phases involved within the shot. By ensuring the technique and technical phases are presented and performed appropriately/fittingly, the accuracy of the shot can translate in resulting to more beneficial results for the team due to more points (Eichenberger, 2014). These crucial technique elements of the shot can be broken down into three movement phases which if successfully linked together will create a perfect shot, thus meaning optimal accuracy. These phases include; Preparation phase, Execution phase and Follow through phase (Figure 1).
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Figure 1: The three movement phases
involved within the basketball jump shot: Preparation Phase, Execution Phase,
and Follow-Through Phase.
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The preparation phase is a crucial element involved within the jump shot, as it is the phase in which the organisation of the movement is arranged and formed (Vickers, 2007) in order to proceed with the jump shot technique. The phase involves “gathering of knowledge, including the undertaking of a needs analysis, identifying critical features of the performance, and preparing for later stages in the analysis process” (Sport NZ, 2010).
During this phase, the athlete
will “align the midline of their body to the hoop so that their gaze, the ball
and the front of the hoop are in a straight
line” (Vickers, 2007). Preceding the shot however, breaking down the phase
(Figure 2), as the athlete is typically moving and dribbling in a forward
direction, the shots skill required increases (Babcock, 2005). As the element of balance is becoming a key
area of mechanics associated with acceleration and must be used within a
dynamic sense (Blazevich, 2013), especially when focusing on optimal accuracy.
The reason for this is because the athlete will be dribbling the ball towards
the basket and is therefore required to stop in a stance that increases support
and stability, along with continuing to provide acceleration motion within the
vertical jump, all in order to encourage the athlete to achieve and aim for
optimal accuracy in the shot. This stance is usually expressed by
coaches for athletes to “square up” to the basket, meaning the feet and
shoulders are facing the basket, the feet “slightly less than shoulder
width” (Knudson, 1993), and to jump vertically to encourage an overall
stable base of support (Knudson, 1993). The stance for the jump shot is a
staggered/stride stance, characteristically having the favoured foot slightly
forward (shooting foot) and in front of the non-favoured foot (Figure 3)
(Knudson, 1993). This stance enables the athlete to be stabilised due to the
centre of mass being placed over the base of support (Blazevich, 2013) as it
“minimises forward or backward motion of the body in the jump, and maintain
side-to-side alignment of the body with the basket” (Knudson, 1993).
Consequently, this creates the potential for an accurate shot (Knudson, 1993)
and assists in proceeding with the phases involved in the jump shot technique.
Skill Cues:
- Toes pointing towards the target
- Favoured foot slightly in front of non favoured foot
- Knees bent
- Shooting hand behind the ball
- Supporting hand on the side of the ball
- Elbows under the ball
- Eyes
focused on the front of the rim
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| Figure 2: Dribbling forward and coming into a stable and balanced staggered/stride stop with the centre of mass being placed over the base of support, whilst continuing to provide acceleration motion within the vertical jump. |
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| Figure 3: Staggered, stride stop position with favourable foot slightly in front of non-favoured foot to encourage a balanced and stable vertical jump in the jump shot. |
Execution Phase
The Execution Phase contains vital biomechanical techniques involving power and muscle work in order to perform the basketball jump shot. The reason for this is because the phase involves the player to jump vertically and without doing so the player may land unbalanced and out of support from their previous phase and unprepared for the next stage. The phase comprises of the whole body to be in full motion and muscle groups working sufficiently, as the player’s legs, hips, knees, ankles, elbow, and wrist are all involved within the sequence of the shot (Sport NZ, 2010) (Figure 4). This is because when the player performs the jump within this phase, power is generated from their legs, hips, knees and ankles in order to drive the player off the ground and jump above their opponent (Babcock, 2005), whilst their muscles within the shoulder, elbow and wrist support the player in shooting the ball (Sport NZ, 2010). As Blazevich states, the shoulder muscles should be consistent with the elbow and wrist as otherwise the skill within any execution phase has the potential to fail (Blazevich, 2013). This leads the player to the follow-through phase which is the final movement phase of the jump shot sequence.
Skill Cues (Wace, 2011):
- Extension of legs to provide power and execute vertical jump
- Leaving the ground and landing are on the same spot on the balls of the feet in a bouncing action for a 2count
- Elbow at 90° pointing at the basket, shooting hand under the ball
- Arm extends upward
- Ball released just before maximum height of jump
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| Figure 4: Whole
body in motion to generate power in the jump and shoot the ball accurately Photo Source: Haung, P |
Follow-Through
Phase
The final movement phase of the jump shot technique is the follow-through phase. Whilst this phase concludes the movement, it is nevertheless still a crucial element in the jump shot and involves important biomechanical techniques in order to achieve optimal accuracy in the shot. The follow-through phase involves areas of significant skill fundamentals to aim for optimal accuracy in the shot, including; the shooting hand control, elbow alignment, release technique, arc on the ball, ball rotation and of course like any final fundamental phase, concentration (Babcock, 2005) (Figure 5). Within these fundamentals in the follow-through phase, the player will be required to ensure the “arm, wrist, and fingers straight toward the basket at a 45- to 60-degree angle, extending the shooting arm completely at the elbow” (Wissel, 2014) along with keeping the shoot hand on the ball until release (Wissel, 2014). In the shortest frame time possible, the player releases the ball for the shot at the highest point of the jump, resulting in an extension of the body in the players performing the jump shot” (Rojas et al., 2000).
The final movement phase of the jump shot technique is the follow-through phase. Whilst this phase concludes the movement, it is nevertheless still a crucial element in the jump shot and involves important biomechanical techniques in order to achieve optimal accuracy in the shot. The follow-through phase involves areas of significant skill fundamentals to aim for optimal accuracy in the shot, including; the shooting hand control, elbow alignment, release technique, arc on the ball, ball rotation and of course like any final fundamental phase, concentration (Babcock, 2005) (Figure 5). Within these fundamentals in the follow-through phase, the player will be required to ensure the “arm, wrist, and fingers straight toward the basket at a 45- to 60-degree angle, extending the shooting arm completely at the elbow” (Wissel, 2014) along with keeping the shoot hand on the ball until release (Wissel, 2014). In the shortest frame time possible, the player releases the ball for the shot at the highest point of the jump, resulting in an extension of the body in the players performing the jump shot” (Rojas et al., 2000).
Skill Cue (Wace, 2011):
- Follow through position is held with middle three fingers directed at the target until the ball hits the rim
- Follow through position of arms is held, usually for two counts, until the ball hits the rim
- Ball travels with back spin
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| Figure 5: Whole body in motion to generate power in the jump and shoot the ball accurately. |
Biomechanical
Principals used within the Technique Phases of the Basketball Jump Shot:
Preparation Phase
Kinetic Chain/Acceleration:
As humans we comprise of a moving chain of body parts: the kinetic (moving) chain) (Blazevich, 2013). Within the basketball jump shot the movement pattern characteristics of the kinetic chain, push-like and throw-like, can be seen and potentially adopted in the technique when performed.
Preparation Phase
Kinetic Chain/Acceleration:
As humans we comprise of a moving chain of body parts: the kinetic (moving) chain) (Blazevich, 2013). Within the basketball jump shot the movement pattern characteristics of the kinetic chain, push-like and throw-like, can be seen and potentially adopted in the technique when performed.
- Push-Like:
A push-like movement pattern is a vital biomechanical principal, this is particularly visible in the preparation phase. The reason for this is because as the movement requires the player to extend and use all the joints within the legs for the jump in a single movement, pushing the player off the ground. This is done simultaneously and consequently generates the joint result to perform a force of high level due to the cumulative forces (or torques) (Blazevich, 2013). As the player will be moving forward towards the basket at a somewhat moderate to fast speed, the body will be travelling at a fast horizontal velocity and consequently be producing momentum for a higher and accelerated jump result, thus generating enough force to push their body off the ground (Alexander, 2010). Furthermore, as the player is jumping vertically in the jump shot, the simultaneous push-like movement off the ground enables to movement to be more accurate, consequently benefiting the player for optimal accuracy when taking the shot (Blazevich, 2013).
- Throw-like:
Unlike push-like, throw-like movement patterns when used in a basketball jump shot are more likely to be reflectively influenced on the shot and the technique. The reason for this is because the throw-like movement pattern in the kinetic chain involved the joining to “extend sequentially, one after another”, unlike push-like which pushes in a single movement (Blazevich, 2013). Once the player has jumped in the air, kinetic throw-like energy is transferred into the arms/hands for the shot, where if the time of the ball spent in the hands is shorter will benefit the player by generating more force into the shot for more ball acceleration (Tiffany, 2002).
Centre of Mass:
The centre of mass is not only a vital biomechanical principal within the technique of a basketball jump shot to achieve optimal accuracy within the shot, it also helps with the understanding of the principal that enables athletes to further improve athletic performance (Babcock, 2013). As mentioned earlier, the jump shot needs to be performed at the highest point of release (Struzik, et al., 2014) and therefore to do this the player will be required to jump above their opponent (Blazevich, 2013); meaning when the player jumps they will additionally “apply a force to the ground (F) to accelerate (a) the individuals mass (m) upwards” (Blazevich, 2013). In order for this to occur it is important for the centre of mass to be recognised and understood by the player.
Execution Phase
Impulse Momentum:
As the player is typically dribbling the ball, therefore moving/running forward prior to the jump shot, impulse momentum is a biomechanical principal which should be investigated to benefit the player in their jump shot and the accuracy. The reason for this is because by understanding and recognising the best way to use impulse momentum, the player is able to benefit the jump and avoid momentum to be placed onto the ball and negatively affect their accuracy, transferring and changing their momentum from horizontal (running) into a vertical momentum (jumping) is crucial (Blazevich, 2013). To do this and change the players momentum, the player will be required to apply a “big force for a long time” (Blazevich, 2013) meaning that less time is spent on the ground and consequently more is spent in the air (Blazevich, 2013). When this is performed and force (F) is incorporated with time (T), impulse is created and consequently the “greater the impulse, the greater will be the change of momentum” (Blazevich, 2013).
Power Production (summation of forces & kinetic and mechanical energy):
Power
production is extremely important part of the jump shot as it allows the
athlete to impart minimal amounts of force on the ball whilst retaining maximum
effectiveness of the shot. In order to impart the most amount of power on the
basketball while using minimal energy the shooter must use a summation of
forces starting from their legs and concluding at their fingertips as they
release the ball. Through this summation of forces an increase in power is
added by each muscle group resulting in a more powerful shot than would be
possible if only the arms were used. This summation of forces is not only the
most effective way of shooting it also helps reduce potential injuries by
placing minimal strain on the athlete my offsetting the load to different body
parts thus prolonging the potential career and minimising injuries sustained in
basketball. The centre of mass is not only a vital biomechanical principal within the technique of a basketball jump shot to achieve optimal accuracy within the shot, it also helps with the understanding of the principal that enables athletes to further improve athletic performance (Babcock, 2013). As mentioned earlier, the jump shot needs to be performed at the highest point of release (Struzik, et al., 2014) and therefore to do this the player will be required to jump above their opponent (Blazevich, 2013); meaning when the player jumps they will additionally “apply a force to the ground (F) to accelerate (a) the individuals mass (m) upwards” (Blazevich, 2013). In order for this to occur it is important for the centre of mass to be recognised and understood by the player.
Execution Phase
Impulse Momentum:
As the player is typically dribbling the ball, therefore moving/running forward prior to the jump shot, impulse momentum is a biomechanical principal which should be investigated to benefit the player in their jump shot and the accuracy. The reason for this is because by understanding and recognising the best way to use impulse momentum, the player is able to benefit the jump and avoid momentum to be placed onto the ball and negatively affect their accuracy, transferring and changing their momentum from horizontal (running) into a vertical momentum (jumping) is crucial (Blazevich, 2013). To do this and change the players momentum, the player will be required to apply a “big force for a long time” (Blazevich, 2013) meaning that less time is spent on the ground and consequently more is spent in the air (Blazevich, 2013). When this is performed and force (F) is incorporated with time (T), impulse is created and consequently the “greater the impulse, the greater will be the change of momentum” (Blazevich, 2013).
Power Production (summation of forces & kinetic and mechanical energy):
Follow-Through Phase
Projectile Motion (Projection Speed, Projection angle & Relative to Height of Projection):During the jump shot many factors are varied such as the distance to the basket, defenders present and environmental factors, because of this there are many variances in the shooting angle of the jump shot.The distance, both horizontally and vertically, is influenced by its projection speed (Blazevich, 2010). If the projectile moves only vertically, its projection speed will determine the height it reaches before gravity accelerates it back towards the earth (Blazevich, 2010). Therefore it becomes essential to understand the relationship between both horizontal and vertical velocity.
A biomechanically perfect shot
will result in the shooter throwing the ball at a 45 degree angle to minimise
the amount of effort put into a shot yet having an accurate shot, although this
is often not the case. Keeping this in mind the average player in the NBA is 6
foot 7 inches and the ring is suspended 10 feet above the ground. If the player
was to jump and release the ball at a height of 10 feet then an optimal angle
of 45 degrees would be necessary, but in reality there is few players who
realise the ball at this optimal height (Figure 6).
Therefore it becomes a reality
that players of varying heights and vertical jumps will release the ball and
differing angles. Shooting then becomes an optimization process. In theory the
higher the exaggerated arc of the basketball therefore increases the size of
the target. However the higher the ball is propelled in the air, the more
energy is required to make the shot, resulting in a loss of accuracy (Fontanella,
2006).
Therefore it can be seen that if a
player is 7 foot tall jumps and three feet in the air the effective angle in
which they shoot at is 45 degrees. A player who is 6 foot tall and also jumps
three feet in the air is required to adjust and increase the angle of the shot
being taken and the force in which the ball is thrown, resulting in a
potentially less accurate shot (Fontanella,
2006).
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Figure 6: Variances in
angles needed to shoot the basketball in order to get the ball in the hoop.
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Ball Rotation/Backspin:
When taking a jump shot the use of backspin is highly recommended. “The effects of air resistance over the ball are so small because of small velocities, so spin of a shot in air is not useful. What spin is useful for is for a better chance of the ball going in if the ball hits the rim” (Kentridge, 2003). It was found by Willis (2003) that “the backspin, after contact with the back rim or board, will result in a change in velocity opposite to the spin direction, changing an equal-angle rebound into a velocity more towards the net” (Willis, 2003). Another important aspect of spin is energy transfer. “With the spin on a shot, some of the energy is transferred to the basket. This transfer of energy is from friction. When the spinning ball hits the rim, more energy is transferred” (Kentridge, 2003). Through this use of backspin the ball will bounce less violently off the backboard resulting in a higher chance of the ball going into the net.
Newton's Laws
Newton’s First Law:
“Newton’s
First Law states: An object will remain at rest or continue to move with
constant velocity as long as the net force equals zero.” (Blazevich, 2010).When taking a jump shot the use of backspin is highly recommended. “The effects of air resistance over the ball are so small because of small velocities, so spin of a shot in air is not useful. What spin is useful for is for a better chance of the ball going in if the ball hits the rim” (Kentridge, 2003). It was found by Willis (2003) that “the backspin, after contact with the back rim or board, will result in a change in velocity opposite to the spin direction, changing an equal-angle rebound into a velocity more towards the net” (Willis, 2003). Another important aspect of spin is energy transfer. “With the spin on a shot, some of the energy is transferred to the basket. This transfer of energy is from friction. When the spinning ball hits the rim, more energy is transferred” (Kentridge, 2003). Through this use of backspin the ball will bounce less violently off the backboard resulting in a higher chance of the ball going into the net.
Newton's Laws
Newton’s First Law:
This law
discusses the theory of inertia. All objects with a mass have inertia, the
larger the mass, the more difficult it becomes to change the objects’ state of
motion (Blazevich, 2010). This theory is most prevalent to the jump in the jump
shot as well as the movement of the ball. As the player wants to jump off the
ground, they must change their inertia from a horizontal movement to a vertical
motion. This law also comes into effect once the player has left the ground for
the jump, they will initially move upwards and only begin to descend when acted
on by the force of gravity (Ville, 2011). Newton’s first law also applies
to the ball. Once the player has shot the ball, it will continue to move along
a horizontal axis until the effect of gravity pulls it back down. In the next
phase of the movement, Newton’s second law will apply to change the state of
motion for both the ball and player.
Newton’s Second Law:
Newtons
second law states that “The Acceleration of an object is proportional to the
net force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object” (Blazevich, 2010).
To change
an objects’ state of motion, a force needs to be applied (Blazevich,
2010). This theory can be applied to the jump shot as the player enacts a force
on the ball to accelerate it out of the hands, causing the ball to suddenly
gain momentum towards the goal. During this phase of movement the ball acts
back on the player resulting in the use of Newton’s third law (Dr Simonetti,
1994). Although the ball acts back on the player it has minimal influence on
the athletes direction due to having a greater mass than the ball (Dr Simonetti,
J., 1994). Therefore, they will not move backwards (Dr Simonetti, J., 1994).
Newton’s Third Law:
The third
law by Newton states that “For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction” (Blazevich,
2010).
When a
force is applied to an object, there is an equal and opposite force applied
back. This phase occurs in the jump shot as the player applies a force onto the
ground, the ground will push back with the same force, causing the player to
accelerate vertically off the ground (Blazevich, 2010). This law is seen to
have a major impact not only in the jump but the throwing phase of the
movement. When a force is applied to the ball, the ball will apply an equal and
opposite reaction against the shooters hands. This then causes the ball to move
forward and the player to remain in the same position, this is due to the mass
indifference between the ball and shooter (Newton’s second law) (Dr Simonetti,
1994).
How can
this information be used?
This blog is aimed to question the technical and biomechanical models associated with the basketball jump shot. In this blog Newton’s laws, technical and biomechanical models have been analysed. Through this it is hoped that athlete’s coaches and teachers will benefit from this learning. These technical models, laws and biomechanics can be adapted and applied to multitudes of sports.
This blog is aimed to question the technical and biomechanical models associated with the basketball jump shot. In this blog Newton’s laws, technical and biomechanical models have been analysed. Through this it is hoped that athlete’s coaches and teachers will benefit from this learning. These technical models, laws and biomechanics can be adapted and applied to multitudes of sports.
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